![]() The first two plies of the game tree for Tic-tac-toe. It is currently on display at the Museum of Science, Boston. The Tinkertoy computer, made out of (almost) only Tinkertoys, is able to play Tic-tac-toe perfectly. In 1975, Tic-tac-toe was also used by MIT students to demonstrate the computational power of Tinkertoy elements. The computer player could play perfect games of Tic-tac-toe against a human opponent. In 1952, OXO (or Noughts and Crosses) for the EDSAC computer became one of the first known video games. renaming of Noughts and crosses as Tic-tac-toe occurred in the 20th century. "Tic-tac-toe" may also derive from "tick-tack", the name of an old version of backgammon first described in 1558. The first print reference to a game called "tick-tack-toe" occurred in 1884, but referred to "a children's game played on a slate, consisting in trying with the eyes shut to bring the pencil down on one of the numbers of a set, the number hit being scored". ![]() In his novel "Can You Forgive Her", 1864, Anthony Trollope refers to a clerk playing "tit-tat-toe". The first print reference to "Noughts and crosses", the British name, appeared in 1864. The different names of the game are more recent. Another closely related ancient game is Three Men's Morris which is also played on a simple grid and requires three pieces in a row to finish. However, according to Claudia Zaslavsky's book Tic Tac Toe: And Other Three-In-A Row Games from Ancient Egypt to the Modern Computer, Tic-tac-toe could originate back to ancient Egypt. The game's grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome. It was called Terni Lapilli and instead of having any number of pieces, each player only had three, thus they had to move them around to empty spaces to keep playing. HistoryĪn early variant of Tic-tac-toe was played in the Roman Empire, around the first century BC. The game can be generalized to an m,n,k-game in which two players alternate placing stones of their own color on an mx n board, with the goal of getting k of their own color in a row. It is straightforward to write a computer program to play Tic-tac-toe perfectly, to enumerate the 765 essentially different positions (the state space complexity), or the 26,830 possible games up to rotations and reflections (the game tree complexity) on this space. Hence, Tic-tac-toe is most often played by young children.īecause of the simplicity of Tic-tac-toe, it is often used as a pedagogical tool for teaching the concepts of good sportsmanship and the branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the searching of game trees. ![]() Players soon discover that best play from both parties leads to a draw. ![]()
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